Transportation
1. Human beings like other multicellular organism need regular supply of food, oxygen etc.,
This function is performed by circulatory system or Transport system.
2. The circulatory system in human beings consists of :
Section view of the Human Heart
Double Circulation : Blood travels twice through the heart in one complete cycle of
the body.
Pulmonary circulation : blood moves from the heart to the lungs and back the
heart.
Systemic circulation :blood moves from the heart to rest of the body and back
to the heart.
Lymph - a yellowish fluid that escapes from the blood capillaries into the intercellular
spaces. Lymph flows from the tissues to the heart assisting in transportation and
destroying germs.
Transportation in Plants : There are two main conducting tissues in a plant.
(a) Xylem (b) Phloem.
Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water in the form of vapours.
Role of Transpiration
1. Absorption and upward movement of water and minerals by creating PULL.
2. Helps in temperature regulation in Plant.
Translocation : Transport of food from leaves (food factory) to different part of the
plant is called Translocation.
Excretion chapter 4
Excretion in human beings : The process of the removal of the harmful metabolic
wastes from the body is called excretion. Excretory system of human beings includes :
1. A pair of kidney
2. A Urinary Bladder
3. A pair of Ureter
4. A Urethera
Process of Excretion
Renal artery bring in blood containing waste substances to the kidneys.
Kidney filters blood.
Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder
where it is stored until it is released through the urethera.
Function of Kidney : It is remove waste product from the blood i.e., urea which is
produced in the liver.
Nephron : Each kidney has a large number of filtration units called nephrons.
Nephron is the structural and functional unit of Kidney.
Mechanism of Urine Formation : The Urine formation involves three steps:
Glomerular Filtration : Blood is filtered from the glomerulus into Bowman Capsule
of the nephron. This filtrate passes through the tubules of the nephron.
Tubular re-absorption : Now, useful substances from the filtrate Like ,
glucose, amino acids etc. are reabsorbed by the capillaries surrounding the nephron
into the blood.
Secretion : Urea, extra water and salts are secreted into the tubule which open up
into the collecting duct & then into the ureter.
Haemodialysis: The process of purifying blood by an artificial kidney. It is meant for
Kidney failure patient.
1. Oxygen released during photosynthesis.
2. H2O by transpiration
3. Wastes may be stored in leaves, bark etc. which fall off from the plant.
4. Waste products stored as gums, resin in old Xylem
5. Plants excrete some waste into the soil around them.
What you have learnt
Movement of various types can be taken as an indication of life.
The maintenance of life requires processes like nutrition, respiration, transport of
materials within the body and excretion of waste products.
Autotrophic nutrition involves the intake of simple inorganic materials from the
environment and using an external energy source like the Sun to synthesis complex
high-energy organic material.
Heterotrophic nutrition involves the intake of complex material prepared by other
organisms.
In human beings, the food eaten is broken down by various steps along the
alimentary canal and the digested food is absorbed in the small intestine to be sent to
all cells in the body.
During the process of respiration, complex organic compounds such as glucose are
broken down to provide energy in the form of ATP. ATP is used to provide energy for
other reactions in the cell.
Respiration may be aerobic or anaerobic. Aerobic respiration makes more energy
available to the organism.
In human beings, the transport of materials such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, food and
excretory products is a function of the circulatory system. The circulatory system
consists of the heart, blood and blood vessels.
In highly differentiated plants, transport of water, minerals, food and other materials
is a function of the vascular tissue which consists of xylem and phloem.
In human beings, excretory products in the form of soluble nitrogen compounds are
removed by the nephrons in the kidneys.
Plants use a variety of techniques to get rid of waste material. For example, waste
material may be stored in the cell-vacuoles or as gum and resin, removed in the
falling leaves, or excreted into the surrounding soil.
2. H2O by transpiration
3. Wastes may be stored in leaves, bark etc. which fall off from the plant.
4. Waste products stored as gums, resin in old Xylem
5. Plants excrete some waste into the soil around them.
What you have learnt
Movement of various types can be taken as an indication of life.
The maintenance of life requires processes like nutrition, respiration, transport of
materials within the body and excretion of waste products.
Autotrophic nutrition involves the intake of simple inorganic materials from the
environment and using an external energy source like the Sun to synthesis complex
high-energy organic material.
Heterotrophic nutrition involves the intake of complex material prepared by other
organisms.
In human beings, the food eaten is broken down by various steps along the
alimentary canal and the digested food is absorbed in the small intestine to be sent to
all cells in the body.
During the process of respiration, complex organic compounds such as glucose are
broken down to provide energy in the form of ATP. ATP is used to provide energy for
other reactions in the cell.
Respiration may be aerobic or anaerobic. Aerobic respiration makes more energy
available to the organism.
In human beings, the transport of materials such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, food and
excretory products is a function of the circulatory system. The circulatory system
consists of the heart, blood and blood vessels.
In highly differentiated plants, transport of water, minerals, food and other materials
is a function of the vascular tissue which consists of xylem and phloem.
In human beings, excretory products in the form of soluble nitrogen compounds are
removed by the nephrons in the kidneys.
Plants use a variety of techniques to get rid of waste material. For example, waste
material may be stored in the cell-vacuoles or as gum and resin, removed in the
falling leaves, or excreted into the surrounding soil.
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